Informações Gerais sobre o Crack
Crack é uma droga feita a partir da mistura de cocaína com bicarbonato de sódio geralmente fumada. É uma forma impura de cocaína e não um sub-produto. O nome deriva do verbo "to crack", que, em inglês, significa quebrar, devido aos pequenos estalidos produzidos pelos cristais (as pedras) ao serem queimados, como se quebrassem.
Chega ao sistema nervoso central em dez segundos, devido ao fato de a área de absorção pulmonar ser grande e seu efeito dura de 3 a 10 minutos, com efeito de euforia mais forte do que o da cocaína, após o que produz muita depressão, o que leva o usuário a usar novamente para compensar o mal-estar, provocando intensa dependência. Não raro, o usuário tem alucinações, paranóia (ilusões de perseguição).
Seis vezes mais potente que a cocaína, o crack tem ação devastadora provocando lesões cerebrais irreversíveis e aumentando os riscos de um acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou de um infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM).
Em relação ao seu preço, é uma droga mais barata que a cocaína.
O uso de cocaína por via intravenosa foi quase extinto no Brasil, pois foi substituído pelo crack, que provoca efeito semelhante, sendo tão potente quanto a cocaína injetada. A forma de uso do crack também favoreceu sua disseminação, já que não necessita de seringa — basta um cachimbo, na maioria das vezes improvisado, como uma lata de alumínio furada, por exemplo.
Efeitos do Crack no Organismo Humano
O crack eleva a temperatura corporal, podendo causar no dependente um acidente vascular cerebral. A droga também causa destruição de neurônios e provoca a degeneração dos músculos do corpo (rabdomiólise), o que dá aquela aparência característica (esquelética) ao indivíduo: ossos da face salientes, braços e pernas finos e costelas aparentes. O crack inibe a fome, de maneira que os usuários só se alimentam quando não estão sob seu efeito narcótico. Outro efeito da droga é o excesso de horas sem dormir, e tudo isso pode deixar o dependente facilmente doente.
A maioria das pessoas que consome bebidas alcoólicas não se torna alcoólatra. Isso também é válido para outras drogas. No caso do crack, o usuário se torna completamente viciado na droga, ficando dependente com apenas três ou quatro doses, às vezes até na primeira. Normalmente o dependente, após algum tempo de uso da droga, continua a consumi-la apenas para fugir do desconforto da síndrome de abstinência — depressão, ansiedade e agressividade —, comum a outras drogas estimulantes.
Após o uso, a pessoa apresenta quadros de extrema violência, agressividade que se manifesta a princípio contra a própria família, desestruturando-a em todos os aspectos, e depois, por consequência, volta-se contra a sociedade em geral, com visível aumento do número de crimes relacionados ao vício em referência.
O consumo de crack fumado através de latas de alumínio como cachimbo, uma vez que a ingestão de alumínio está associada a dano neurológico, tem levado a estudos em busca de evidências do aumento do alumínio sérico em usuários de crack.
O uso do crack — e sua potente dependência psíquica — frequentemente leva o usuário à prática de delitos, para obter a droga. Os pequenos furtos de dinheiro e de objetos, sobretudo eletrodomésticos, muitas vezes começam em casa. Muitos dependentes acabam vendendo tudo o que têm a disposição, ficando somente com a roupa do corpo. Se for mulher, não terá o mínimo escrúpulo em se prostituir para sustentar o vício. O dependente dificilmente consegue manter uma rotina de trabalho ou de estudos e passa a viver basicamente em busca da droga, não medindo esforços para consegui-la.
Embora seja uma droga mais barata que a cocaína, o uso do crack acaba sendo mais dispendioso: o efeito da pedra de crack é mais intenso, mas passa mais depressa, o que leva ao uso compulsivo de várias pedras por dia.
As chances de recuperação dessa doença, que muitos especialistas chamam de "doença adquirida" (lembrando que a adição não tem cura), são muito baixas, pois exige a submissão voluntária ao tratamento por parte do dependente, o que é difícil, haja vista que a "fissura", isto é, a vontade de voltar a usar a droga, é grande demais. Além disso, a maioria das famílias de usuários não tem condições de custear tratamentos em clínicas particulares ou de conseguir vagas em clínicas terapêuticas assistenciais, que nem sempre são idôneas. É comum o dependente iniciar, mas abandonar o tratamento.
CRACK COCAINE
Crack cocaine, crack or rock is a solid, smokable form of cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or sodium hydroxide, in a process to convert cocaine hydrochloride (powder cocaine) into methylbenzoylecgonine (freebase cocaine).
Crack cocaine, often nicknamed "crack" after the sound made during its manufacture, appeared primarily in impoverished inner-city neighborhoods in New York, Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985. Because of the dangers for manufacturers of using ether to produce pure freebase cocaine, producers began to omit the step of removing the freebase precipitate from the ammonia mixture. Typically, filtration processes are also omitted. The end result is that the cut, in addition to the ammonium salt (NH4Cl), remains in the freebase cocaine after the mixture has evaporated. The "rock" that is thus formed also contains a small amount of water.
A spoon with a mixture of baking soda, cocaine and a small amount of water. When heated from below, small crack cocaine ‘rocks’ will begin to form in the mixture.
Baking soda is a base used in preparation of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. The net reaction when using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is
Coc-H+Cl– + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl
Crack cocaine is usually purchased already in rock form, although it is not uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" the cocaine into crack themselves. This process is done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate breaks down into carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate, which then reacts with the hydrochloride of the cocaine molecule, leaving cocaine as an oily free base. Once separated from the hydrochloride, the cocaine alkaloid floats to the top of the now leftover liquid. It is at this point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the user and/or maker to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.
Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F), much lower than the cocaine hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F). Whereas cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked (burns with no effect), crack cocaine when smoked allows for quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds. Coupled with the fact that crack is considered more potent than cocaine hydrochloride, users obtain an intense high much more quickly than with the normal method of insufflating ("sniffing" or "snorting") the powdered cocaine.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Crack cocaine is a substance that affects the brain chemistry of the user: causing euphoria, supreme confidence, loss of appetite, insomnia, alertness, increased energy, a craving for more cocaine, and potential paranoia (ending after use). Its initial effect is to release a large amount of dopamine, a brain chemical inducing feelings of euphoria. The high usually lasts from 5–10 minutes, after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet, leaving the user feeling depressed and low. When cocaine is dissolved and injected, the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked, and similar euphoria may be experienced.
A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of dopamine in the brain take a long time to replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to increasingly less intense highs. However, a person might binge for 3 or more days without sleep, while partying with occasional hits from the pipe.
Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing irritability, restlessness, and paranoia. This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.
Stimulant drug abuse (particularly amphetamine and cocaine) can lead to delusional parasitosis (aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken belief they are infested with parasites).For example, excessive cocaine use can lead to formication, nicknamed "cocaine bugs" or "coke bugs," where the affected people believe they have, or feel, parasites crawling under their skin. These delusions are also associated with high fevers or extreme alcohol withdrawal, often together with visual hallucinations about insects.
People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when they are delirious.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include: constricted blood vessels; dilated pupils; and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Large amounts (several hundred milligrams or more) intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic, and violent behavior. Large amounts can induce tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches, paranoia, or, with repeated doses, a toxic reaction closely resembling amphetamine poisoning. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or unexpectedly thereafter. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.
An appreciable tolerance to cocaine’s high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much pleasure as they did from their first experience. Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive (sensitization) to cocaine's anesthetic and convulsant effects, without increasing the dose taken: this increased sensitivity may explain some deaths occurring after apparently low doses of cocaine.
ADDICTION
Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine, and one of the most addictive forms of any drug. However, this claim has been contested: Morgan and Zimmer wrote that available data indicated that "...smoking cocaine by itself does not increase markedly the likelihood of dependence.... The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined." They argued that cocaine users who are already prone to abuse are most likely to "move toward a more efficient mode of ingestion" (that is, smoking).
The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users. Purer forms of crack cocaine will produce the feeling of euphoria: even after smoking diluted or fake crack for hours, one hit of real crack will produce euphoria. Hours of misery or tweaking can be reversed with one single hit of real crack. The memory of that type of high can cause addicts to buy large amounts of street crack, hoping for the real thing.
On the other hand, Reinarman et al. wrote that the nature of crack addiction depends on the social context in which it is used and the psychological characteristics of users, pointing out that many heavy crack users go for days or weeks without using the drugs.
HEALTH ISSUES
Because crack also refers to non-pure (or fake) versions of rock cocaine, the health issues also include risks beyond smoking cocaine. However, crack usage is less dangerous than speedballing or "snowballing" (mixing cocaine with heroin), which can lead to more fatalities than either drug used on its own.
When large amounts of dopamine are released by crack consumption, it becomes easier for the brain to generate motivation for other activities. The activity also releases a large amount of adrenaline into the body, which tends to increase heart rate and blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. It is suggested by research that smoking crack or freebase cocaine has additional health issues beyond other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate specifically to the release of methylecgonidine, and the specific effect of methylecgonidine on the heart, lungs, and liver.
Toxic adulterants: As noted previously, virtually any substance may have been added in order to expand the volume of a batch, or appear to be pure crack. Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with an indefinite range of corresponding short and long-term health risks. For example, if candle wax or macadamia nuts are procured (as a form of fake crack) they will burn in a crack pipe producing a noxious smoke.
Smoking problems: The task of introducing the drug into the body further presents a series of health risks. Crack can not be snorted like regular cocaine, so smoking is the most common consumption method. Crack has a melting point of around 90 °C (194 °F), and the smoke does not remain potent for long. Therefore, crack pipes are generally very short, to minimise the time between evaporating and losing strength. This often causes cracked and blistered lips, colloquially "crack lip", from having a very hot pipe pressed against the lips. The use of "convenience store crack pipes" - glass tubes which originally contained small artificial roses - may also create this condition. These 4-inch (10-cm) pipes are not durable and will quickly develop breaks; users will typically continue to use the pipe even though it has been broken to a shorter length. The hot pipe might burn the lips, tongue, or fingers, especially when shared with other people quickly taking another hit from the already hot short pipe.
Pure or large doses: Because the quality of crack can vary greatly, some people might smoke larger amounts of diluted crack, unaware that a similar hit of a new batch of purer crack could cause an overdose: triggering heart problems or rendering the user unconscious.
Pathogens on pipes: When pipes are shared, unless users rotate and push the pipe to the burnt, sterilized end, any bacteria or viruses from the previous user's mouth can be transferred: tuberculosis can be spread by saliva. In terms of harm reduction, mouth pieces (lengths of tubing added to the end of the glass pipe) should be used and not shared.
Pathogens in needles/spoons: When crack is cooked down, as in a spoon with vinegar or lemon juice, for injecting with a syringe, diseases can be spread. Sexually transmitted infections such as HIV can be passed through a shared needle (or shared spoon if the needle is emptied into the spoon). From a harm reduction perspective, clean injection equipment should always be used and never shared. Ascorbic acid is safer for use than vinegar.
As a comparison, studies have shown that long-term insufflation (snorting) of cocaine in powder form can, after extensive use, destroy tissues in the nasal cavity, and has been known to create deviated septa, potentially collapsing the nose.Addiction is widely considered a health issue. Many governments have made access to clean equipment and education regarding safer practices difficult, as the use of cocaine is illegal.
Crack (droga)
Crack o Piedra
El crack (también llamado piedra), es el nombre vulgar de un derivado de la cocaína, en concreto del resultado de hervir clorhidrato de cocaína en una solución de bicarbonato de sodio, el resultado es una pasta amarillenta e insoluble en agua que flota en la superficie y se endurece al enfriarse, luego es fácilmente recuperada en forma de "rocas". El término crack es una onomatopeya que sugiere el ruido que hacen las piedras de esta droga al calentarse por la evaporación de la cocaína en base que contienen, al liberarse de la mezcla con el bicarbonato de sodio. También recibe nombres vulgares entre los usuarios a esta droga, como rocas, chulas,"pops", piedras o rockstars, entre otros; a veces erróneamente se le confunde con el bazuco o paco que es la costra que queda en la olla donde preparan la cocaína y está compuesto por los alcaloides de la planta sin refinar ni purificar.
ELABORACIÓN
El crack se elabora en laboratorios clandestinos macerando las hojas de coca con queroseno. A la pasta resultante suele agregársele bicarbonato de sodio para aumentar el volumen y disminuir su costo, y hacer más manejable la sustancia. Posee un alto grado de impurezas, pero lo que hace imposible su consumo por vía nasal, peneana o intravenosa es que no es soluble en agua, ya que no es una sal de cocaína y por ello su forma de uso es pulmonar.
MODO DE CONSUMO
Dado que el crack se fuma, ingresa rápidamente al torrente sanguíneo, produciéndole al individuo una sensación de euforia, pánico, insomnio y la necesidad de repetir la toma de crack. Debido a la rapidez de los efectos, casi inmediatos, el crack se hizo muy popular en la década de los 80. Otra razón para su popularidad es que no cuesta mucho, económicamente hablando, procesarlo ni adquirirlo. Sus efectos secundarios son muy similares a los de la cocaína, solamente que el riesgo de padecer alguno de ellos es mucho más alto por las vía de consumo, propensa a producir accidentes cardio y cerebro vasculares.
Desde los años 80, el crack se fuma en pipa de vidrio, con ceniza de cigarro sobre una lata con orificios, en un gotero de cristal, en un cigarro como primo (nombre que se le da a un tabaco mezclado con cocaína), entre otras. Otro instrumento utilizado para consumir crack es un tubo metálico similar a una antena de radio (en muchos casos lo es) a la que se le introduce una suerte de alambre y se utiliza para fumar crack simulando una pipa. Este método es utilizado principalmente por adictos de muy pocos recursos y se conoce como "fumar en tubo".
ADICCIÓN
Durante los años 90, según el Instituto de Adicciones (Adictions Institute) aumentó enormemente el número de personas que consumen crack en Norteamérica.
El mayor problema con este derivado de la cocaína es que es altamente adictivo; aunque la adicción que provoca no es física, pero es psicológica y fuerte. Los usuarios de crack describen sus efectos como más intensos, pero de menor duración, lo que implica que su dosificación sea más continua. El uso del crack se ha vinculado con la violencia, pero no se puede asegurar que esto sea un efecto derivado del propio consumo de la droga, tanto como de los grupos social y económicamente más pobres, con un alto índice de violencia y delincuencia en sí mismos, que no pueden permitirse usar la cocaína y esta es su forma barata de acceso a la misma.
Algunos especialistas han querido ver la adicción al crack como intratable, pero académicos consideran que esto se asevera por ser una droga consumida por gente pobre que no puede pagar un tratamiento en centros especializados. Este es un segundo castigo que recae sobre los grupos más empobrecidos que consumen esta sustancia, mientras que los de alto poder adquisitivo, consumirían la base libre de cocaína y tendrían acceso a los recursos asistenciales si lo necesitasen.
TRANSTORNOS FÍSICOS
Entre ellos se ubican la disminución de la potencia sexual, cefalea, enfermedad de Parkinson y hemorragia cerebral, daños en el cerebro y pulmones (enfisema).
TRANSTORNOS PSICOLÓGICOS
•Depresión.
•Ansiedad.
•Psicosis similar a la ocurrida en la esquizofrenia.
•Bipolaridad.
•Paranoia.
•Miedos.
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